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--- innate_immunity [2025/09/04 23:23] – [anatomical barriers] gary1
+++ innate_immunity [2025/10/21 22:55] (current) – [anatomical barriers] gary1
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
       * //Staph. aureus// can cause impetigo by strongly binding to cutaneous desmoglein-1 via serine-aspartate repeat protein D (SdrD) augmented by skin calcium levels (which are often higher in those with atopic dermatitis)  and this bond is stronger than any other protein bond known in biology(([[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adu7457|Ultrastrong Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to human skin: Calcium as a key regulator of noncovalent interactions]]))
         * //S. aureus// exfoliative toxins cleave the homophilic interaction site of DSG-1, causing cell detachment and compromising the SC barrier function. Mutations in DSG-1 are linked to dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting;
+    * the ATG9A protein in skin cells helps prevent skin inflammation by promoting the autophagy-mediated cleanup of inflammatory proteins within skin cells
+      * TNF can trigger an abnormal cGAS/STING-dependent type 1 interferon response, which in turn amplifies skin damage through a molecule called ZBP1. ZBP1 causes excessive death of skin cells when ATG9A is absent, which explains how inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and lupus develop.(([[https://www.cell.com/immunity/abstract/S1074-7613(25)00430-3|Cell 2025: ATG9A-mediated autophagy prevents inflammatory skin disease by limiting TNFR1-driven STING activation and ZBP1-dependent cell death]]))
   *desquamation helps remove bacteria
   *irrigation helps remove organisms