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--- oral_microbiome [2025/09/13 01:21] – [Respiratory infections] gary1
+++ oral_microbiome [2025/09/21 13:02] (current) – [Introduction] gary1
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
   *it possesses the second-highest level of diversity after the gut microbiome, encompasses a wide array of bacterial genera and families
   *in particular, chronic inflammatory states such as chronic gingivitis may drive IL-6 activity, hs-CRP and may potentially be an important driver of [[atherosclerosis]] - although this could also be due to //Strept. viridans// biofilms in blood vessels (([[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.125.041521|2025: Viridans Streptococcal Biofilm Evades Immune Detection and Contributes to Inflammation and Rupture of Atherosclerotic Plaques]]]]))
+  *in 2025, a new form of giant circular DNA extrachromosomal elements (ECEs) named **“Inocles”** was discovered in oral microbiome, these massive strands of extrachromosomal DNA within oral bacteria average 350,000 base pairs – making them some of the largest extrachromosomal elements ever seen in the human microbiome. Inocles exhibit significant positive correlations with immune cells and proteins responding to microbial infection in peripheral blood. They seem to have marked reductions in patients of head and neck cancers and colorectal cancers.(([[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-62406-5|2025: Giant extrachromosomal element “Inocle” potentially expands the adaptive capacity of the human oral microbiome]]))