classic cause of neurotoxicity, hematologic and renal injury, especially in children and in occupational exposure.
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lead plumbing pipes were widely used in western cities from the late 1800s
toxicity risks became known in the early 1900s
partly as infants often bit and chewed on the painted cot sides, lead paint was gradually banned in western regions from 1960's and particularly by late 1970's although Australia only tightened rules to prohibit > 0.1% lead in paint in 1992
in the late 1980's, many western countries banned lead in the use of lead pipes, solder (over 0.2% lead), and flux in public water systems and residential/non-residential plumbing but existing systems in older homes have still not be fully replaced