chronic renal failure

aetiology of CRF

glomerulonephritis (GN)
infections eg. chronic acute pyelonephritis, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2)
ureteral obstruction eg. stone, stricture, stenosis
incomplete recovery from acute kidney injury
vascular - ischaemia, HT
collagen vascular diseases eg. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
metabolic:
- diabetes mellitus
- amyloidosis
- gout
- hypercalcaemia
- chronic hypokalaemia
- drugs esp. analgesic abuse and toxins such as heavy metals
- dysproteinaemia esp. multiple myeloma
primary tubular disease eg. Fanconi syndrome, tubular acidosis
congenital - renal hypoplasia
common hereditary - polycystic kidney disease
miscellaneous:
- radiation nephritis
- Fabry's disease
- Alport's disease (familial nephritis with deafness)

encephalopathy with dementia
epilepsy
psychosis
depression
amaurosis
stroke (CVA)
basal ganglia lesions
cranial neuropathy
central pontinemyelopathy
peripheral neuropathy
muscle cramps
restless legs syndrome
complications of immunosuppressive Rx
- CNS infections including viral and fungal
- CNS lymphoma following renal transplant

ESRF uraemic calciphylaxis painful necrotic skin ulcers
- appears to be produced via up-regulation of the thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), IL-6, and tissue factor (TF) signaling pathway which appears to be central to the skin lesion initiation and progression and produces microvessel thrombosis ¹⁾

¹⁾