see also:

• renal medicine (nephrology)
• acute renal failure (ARF)

• glomerulonephritis
• infections eg. chronic acute pyelonephritis, tuberculosis (TB)
• ureteral obstruction eg. stone, stricture, stenosis
• incomplete recovery from acute renal failure (ARF)
• vascular - ischaemia, HT
• collagen vascular diseases eg. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), HUS
• metabolic:
  • diabetes mellitus
  • amyloidosis
  • gout
  • hypercalcaemia
  • chronic hypokalaemia
  • drugs esp. analgesic abuse and toxins such as heavy metals
  • dysproteinaemia esp. multiple myeloma
• primary tubular disease eg. Fanconi syndrome, tubular acidosis
• congenital - renal hypoplasia
• common hereditary - polycystic kidney disease
• miscellaneous:
  • radiation nephritis
  • Fabry's disease
  • Alport's disease (familial nephritis with deafness)

• encephalopathy with dementia
• epilepsy
• psychosis
• depression
• amaurosis
• stroke (CVA)
• basal ganglia lesions
• cranial neuropathy
• central pontinemyelopathy
• peripheral neuropathy
• muscle cramps
• restless legs syndrome
• complications of immunosuppressive Rx
  • CNS infections including viral and fungal
  • CNS lymphoma following renal transplant