chronic renal failure

see also:

• renal medicine (nephrology)
• acute kidney injury (AKI) / acute renal failure (ARF)

• glomerulonephritis (GN)
• infections eg. chronic acute pyelonephritis, tuberculosis (TB), COVID-19 coronavirus (2019-nCoV / SARS-CoV-2)
• ureteral obstruction eg. stone, stricture, stenosis
• incomplete recovery from acute kidney injury
• vascular - ischaemia, hypertension
• collagen vascular diseases eg. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
• metabolic:
  • diabetes mellitus
  • amyloidosis
  • gout
  • hypercalcaemia
  • chronic hypokalaemia
  • drugs esp. analgesic abuse and toxins such as heavy metals
  • dysproteinaemia esp. multiple myeloma
• primary tubular disease eg. Fanconi syndrome, tubular acidosis
• congenital - renal hypoplasia
• common hereditary - polycystic kidney disease
• miscellaneous:
  • radiation nephritis
  • Fabry's disease
  • Alport's disease (familial nephritis with deafness)
• NB. pre-menopausal women have lower incidence than men which may be related to a protective greater renal regeneration capacity as renal podocytes, from renal progenitor cells, are regenerated through oestrogen receptor–dependent signaling although this may fail during pregnancy ¹⁾

• encephalopathy with dementia
• epilepsy
• psychosis
• depression
• amaurosis
• stroke (CVA)
• basal ganglia lesions
• cranial neuropathy
• central pontinemyelopathy
• peripheral neuropathy
• muscle cramps
• restless legs syndrome
• complications of immunosuppressive Rx
  • CNS infections including viral and fungal
  • CNS lymphoma following renal transplant

• ESRF uraemic calciphylaxis painful necrotic skin ulcers
  • appears to be produced via up-regulation of the thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), IL-6, and tissue factor (TF) signaling pathway which appears to be central to the skin lesion initiation and progression and produces microvessel thrombosis ²⁾