BC - Hippocrates 4 personality types - choleric, melancholic, sanguine, & phlegmatic
1792 French physician Philippe Pinel introduced humane treatment approaches to those suffering from mental disorders
1800 - At the turn of the 19th century, England and France combined only had a few hundred individuals in asylums. By the late 1890s and early 1900s, this number skyrocketed to the hundreds of thousands
1838 - France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country
1843 - Victoria's Lunacy Act
1863-
Kalhlbaum and
Hecker were among the first to describe and categorize syndromes of the mentally ill. They used descriptive terms such as dysthymia, cyclothymia, catatonia, paranoia and hebephrenia in their analyses.
1874 -
Kalhlbaum publishes his book on catatonia
1890 - asylums worldwide had become overcrowded, partly due to transfer of care from families and poor houses, and the optimism of treating the mental ill wained as asylums increasingly became custodial institutions which adversely impacted the reputation of psychiatry.
1890 - Burckhardt performs 1st frontal lobe
lobotomies1893 -
Kraepelin divided psychosis into manic depression (now seen as comprising a range of mood disorders such as major depression and bipolar disorder), and dementia praecox (what we now call schizophrenia)
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1903 - barbital (Veronal) is the 1st barbiturate to find clinical use
1906 -
Alzheimer publishes pathology of Alzheimer's disease
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1912 - phenobarbital (Luminal, phenobarbitone) introduced
1920 - Sigmund Freud in his essay Beyond The Pleasure Principle proposes the psyche can be divided into ego, super-ego and id and that humans are driven by two central conflicting desires - life drive (libido) and death drive (Thanatos)
1924 - development of behavioural therapies starting with
Mary Cover Jones' work on the unlearning of fears in children
1927 - Pavlov's experiments 1st translated into English and inspired behaviourist learning theory
1930's - lobotomies and ECT Rx introduced & gained widespread use in the 1940's and 1950's after Moniz successfully performed prefrontal leucotomies in 1935
1936 -
Anna Freud stresses the importance of the ego and proposes the concept of defense mechanisms.
1943 - Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1946 - Freeman first performed a transorbital lobotomy on a live patient.
1947 -
Eysenck proposed E-N model of personality
1948 - Melbourne psychiatrist Dr Cade's discovery of
lithium carbonate as Rx of bipolar disorders
1950 - USSR and other nations ban use of lobotomy (its use in other countries declined in the early 1970's and few were being done in the mid-1980's in UK and USA - the two main countries where it was performed.
1950's - Anna Freud instrumental in development of child psychoanalysis and child development psychology.
1950's - Maslow becomes leader of the humanistic school of psychology which gave rise to several different therapies, all guided by the idea that people possess the inner resources for growth and healing and that the point of therapy is to help remove obstacles to individuals' achieving this. The most famous of these was
client-centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers.
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1955 - meprobamate marketed & became popular in the late 1950's as “Happy Pills”
late 1950's - tricyclic antidepressants 1st discovered (imipramine)
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1961 - the popular
MAOI, iproniazid withdrawn as cases of fatal hepatotoxicity
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1963 - diazepam (Valium) 1st marketed
1960's - the development of cognitive therapy
1960's -
Janov creates Primal Therapy to re-live and express repressed feelings
1967 - haloperidol approved by FDA
1970's - use of psychoanalytic theory in psychiatry becomes marginalised and deinstitutionalisation commences in USA
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1988 - fluoxetine (Prozac) approved by FDA became the 1st blockbuster SSRI
1992 - deinstitutionalisation commences in Australia
1993 - risperidone approved by FDA for Rx of schizophrenia
1995 - genes associated with schizophrenia (chromosome 6) and BPD (chromosomes 18 and 21)
1996 - olanzapine approved by FDA for Rx of schizophrenia
1997 - quetiapine (Seroquel) approved by FDA for Rx of schizophrenia