see also:

• primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis
• ascending cholangitis

• scarring of the bile ducts which may be:
  • primary sclerosing cholangitis / primary biliary cirrhosis, or
  • secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis
    • intraductal stone disease
    • surgical or blunt abdominal trauma
    • intra-arterial chemotherapy
    • recurrent pancreatitis