see also:

• occasional hiccups are usually due transient diaphragmatic irritation
• intractable hiccups have a large range of differentials

• phrenic nerve irritation
• Stomach and gut issues:
  • severe acid reflux (GERD), stomach ulcers, gastritis, or a swollen stomach.
• Brain and nervous system conditions:
  • stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, or meningitis.
• Body chemistry imbalances:
  • Kidney failure, severe diabetes, or low levels of body salts like calcium or sodium.
• Medicines:
  • Drugs like steroids (dexamethasone), certain chemotherapy drugs, or sedatives