see also:

• sepsis / septicaemia
• anaphylaxis
• blood loss:
  • trauma
  • upper GIT bleeding
  • lower GIT bleeding
  • retroperitoneal bleeding
    • abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
    • thoracic aortic aneurysm
    • ruptured splenic artery aneurysm
    • ruptured iliac artery aneurysm
    • renal bleeding eg. ruptured renal artery aneurysm
    • spontaneous retroperitoneal bleeding on anticoagulants
  • haemoperitoneum
    • ectopic pregnancy
    • ruptured splenic artery aneurysm (mainly in pregnancy and elderly - 1% of adults have splenic artery aneurysms)
    • ruptured subcapsular hepatic adenoma (mainly ruptures in pregnancy in those who were previously on OCPs)
  • PV bleeding in late pregnancy - abruption, placenta praevia, etc
  • post-partum / puerperial complications eg. paravaginal or supravaginal haematoma
• dehydration
• heat illness and heat stroke
• cardiogenic shock
  • return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) post-arrest
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • air embolism
  • pulmonary embolism
  • cardiac tamponade
  • aortic dissection
• with bradycardia
  • impaired cardiac output due to the bradycardia
  • cervical shock in miscarriage
  • cyanide poisoning