see also:

• vitamins

• animals require pantothenic acid to synthesize coenzyme-A (CoA), as well as to synthesize and metabolize proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
• small quantities of pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food, with high amounts in whole-grain cereals, legumes, eggs, meat, royal jelly, avocado, and yogurt
• pantothenic acid deficiency is exceptionally rare and has not been thoroughly studied
• massive doses (e.g. 10 g/day) may only yield mild intestinal distress, and diarrhoea at worst