see also:

• urology
• flank pain
• back pain
• urolithiasis
• Vic DHS Fact Sheet - kidney stones / renal colic (pdf)
• European Assoc Urology - urolithiasis
• osteopaths show rear seat roller coaster rides may result in passage of stones in modelling
• WH obstructive urosepsis / emergency nephrostomy guideline (doc) - WH intranet only

• renal colic is one of the most common presentations to the ED and mainly affects those in the 3rd to 5th decades of life - see urolithiasis for pathogenesis, risk factors and types of stones.

• clinical picture:
  • it should be suspected in all patients presenting in severe flank pain radiating to groin, particularly if they are rolling around (makes peritonism and sciatica less likely), diaphoretic but afebrile (fever suggests acute pyelonephritis or cholecystitis).
  • in the older patient in particular, ensure there is no evidence of life threatening conditions such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)
• microhaematuria
  • the presence of microhaematuria without nitrites or significant leukocytes is further suggestive but its absence does not exclude renal colic
    • Xafis et al. BMJ vol 25 (10), Oct 2008 pp 640-644:
      • presence of microhaematuria in CT +ve urolithiasis in non-pregnant patients without ureteral stents:
        • sensitivity 67%, specificity 58%, PPV 86%, NPV 31%
• renal USS:
  • not commonly performed for Dx of renal colic unless CT KUB C/I (eg. pregnancy) or undesirable (children, young adults)
    • Xafis et al. BMJ vol 25 (10), Oct 2008 pp 640-644:
      • ureteric stones are difficult to see on USS but pelvicalyceal dilatation (hydronephrosis) has 81% sensitivity and 37% specificity for urolithiasis in acute flank pain, which rises to 88% sensitivity and 85% specificity if microhaematuria is also present (Seitz et al).
• CT KUB
  • non-contrast CT scan is the current acute gold standard for the diagnosis of urolithiasis
  • it may be negative if the stone has been passed prior to CT scan being done.
• plain abdominal KUB Xray
  • no longer used in routine diagnosis of renal colic
  • has a place in the follow up of larger stones to allow monitoring of their passage or lack of passage rather than using higher radiation repeat CT scanning.

• timely and appropriate pain management (see also pain, analgesia and analgesics)
  • usually this warrants iv morphine 2.5mg aliquots (in adults) rapidly titrated to effect, often requiring 15mg in adults.
  • consider use of PR indomethacin 100mg, and oral pain, analgesia and analgesics
  • see also acute pain Mx in drug dependent patients if applicable
• clinical history and examination to exclude other potential serious conditions such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) - see back pain for general approach to undifferentiated back pain
• iv fluids
• baseline FBE, U&E, Ca, uric acid, CRP (+HCG if fertile female)
• urinalysis
• observation until pain settles and patient is sufficiently comfortable on oral analgesics to manage at home
• if pain is not settling, or the diagnosis is uncertain, or plan for urology OP follow up, then consider:
  • renal USS if pregnant or paediatric
  • otherwise, CT KUB if no C/I
• indications for plain non-contrast CT KUB
  • fever and possible obstructed kidney
  • solitary kidney with renal colic
  • diagnosis is unclear (consider other Ix such as renal USS in younger patients or pregnancy to avoid radiation doses where possible - as a last resort, low dose CT scan may be used in pregnancy if benefits outweigh risks)
  • pain not settling - confirm stone size and position
• if evidence of infection (eg. any fever):
  • NB. a raised WCC is common in renal colic as an acute phase reactant and is NOT, by itself, a sign of infection
  • if CT KUB not done perform ASAP
  • NB. US suggestion of perinephric fluid is a very soft sign of infection as it could be due to the obstruction itself and not infection
  • contact urology ASAP for possible emergency drainage of infected kidney - usually via emergency US guided urostomy (these patients often need HDU admit after procedure as high risk of bacteraemia shower)
  • Mx as for severe urosepsis with iv gentamicin + amoxicillin if no C/I
  • add coagulation studies, blood cultures and urine cultures prior to antibiotics
• if impaired renal function (not just mildly raised CRN due to dehydration), single kidney, large stone (>7mm), or failure for pain to be adequately controlled, then contact urology for consideration for admission and surgical intervention, or at least early follow up.
• if referring to urology stone clinic OP for follow up, ensure:
  • a CT KUB has been done for this episode of stone (a recent CT KUB is fine), and if a stone is present, then a plain Xray KUB to assist in follow up
• role of alpha adrenergic blockers to hasten stone expulsion is controversial:
  • 2014 metaanalysis of trials showed that alpha blockers hasten stone passage by average of 3 days ¹⁾
  • 2016 metanalysis showed tamsulosin was only of benefit in stones 5-10mm ²⁾
  • does not seem to be any benefit for stones < 4mm
  • use should probably be limited to distal stones 4-9mm if used at all.

• ureteroscopy may be an option

• uses high-pressure ultrasound waves to fragment stones so they can pass through the urinary system
• effective however, equipment is large and expensive, and the procedure usually requires some kind of anesthesia and a surgical suite

• new Rx developed in 2022 with 1st human trials in 2024 on patients with stones (median IQ size range 5-7mm, 88% were larger than 4mm and most were either lower pole kidney or at VUJ) which showed tone fragmentation occurred in 88% of cases; 70% had fragments ≤ 4 and 51% ≤ 2 mm, while 49% were completely stone free on CT; 86% of patients received either no analgesic medication at all (50%) or minor analgesia (36%); ³⁾
• uses low-pressure ultrasound waves to target and fragment urinary stones
• delivered using a smaller and less costly mobile unit, allowing treatment to be performed in a range of locations outside of an operating room