neoplasia
neoplasia / cancer / tumours
benign neoplasia
epithelial:
connective tissue
Fibroma many sites eg. skin, stomach, ovary;
Myxoma uncommon, resembling Wharton's jelly: atrium, jaw;
Myoma
Leiomyoma sm. muscle (uterus, arrector pili, b.v) - commonest tumours!
Rhabdomyoma striated muscle (incl. heart) - v.uncommon, esp. tub.sclerosis;
Nerve Sheath:
Lipoma
Giant-cell tumour of bone:
Chondroma/Synovioma
Osteoma
Mesothelioma
Carotid-body tumour
fetal/embryonic & germ cell
malignant neoplasia
types and characteristics
epithelial (Carcinoma)
stroma well formed usually; early lymph. spread; esp → liver;
Squamous-cell from strat.squam. epith. (or from epith. undergone sqam. metaplasia);
Basal cell actually of intermediate behaviour;
Transitional cell urinary passages; well-diff. → anaplastic; +/- squamous change;
Glandular
graded by:
tubule formationn; regularity size/shape/stain nuclei, mitoses;
stromal reactions alter appearance:
scirrhous - hard, fibrotic (most breast Ca & many GIT);
medullary/encephaloid - little stroma → soft
adenocarcinoma - best differentiated - has tubules;
carcinoma simplex - no attempt at central cavitation to produce acini (breast)
anaplastic carcinoma - sheet of loosely attached cells
giant cell carcinoma
squamous metaplasia of adenocarcinoma
signet-ring cell carcinoma - much mucus in cell
connective tissue malignant neoplasia(Sarcoma)
more rapid growth; mainly blood-borne spread → lungs esp.
poorly formed stroma; more radioresistant than Ca;
Fibrosarcoma
Neurofibrosarcoma
Liposarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Malig. mesothelioma
Angiosarcoma
Malig. meningioma
Malig. melanoma - cutan.; mucosal; uveal; meningeal; adrenal;
lymphomata et al
Hodgkin's
Non-Hogkin's
Multiple myeloma
Leukaemia
fetal/embryonic & germ cell malignant neoplasia
Choriocarcinoma trophoblastic, secreting HCG;
Nephroblastoma (Wilm's) infancy/childhood;
Retinoblastoma definite hered. incidence; infants;
Malignant Teratoma young-middle age adults;
Seminoma/Dysgerminoma older age gp than teratomas;
Medulloblastoma 4th ventricle; mainly young children;
Neuroblastoma adrenal medull or symp. ganglia; infancy;
Hepatoblastoma very rare;
Chordoma/Craniopharyngioma - rare
characteristics of malignant tumours
invasiveness (eg. through basement membrane)
-
rapid increase in size usually more than benign tumours;
cell cycling time usually N. but incr. no. of cells in mitosis & may be incr. time spent in mitosis;
irregularity of size, shape & staining of nuclei due to:
less similarity with normal tissue than benign tumours as abn. differentiation;
giant cells may be present in certain tumours, if anaplastic, or if adverse conditions;
effects of malignant tumours
Mechanical pressure & obstruction
Tissue Destruction:
Haemorrhage:
Secondary infection:
Starvation:
Pain:
Haematological disorders:
Cachexia:
Immunologic effects:
Neuropathic effects:
Myopathic effects:
Dermatological effects:
acanthosis nigrans - stomach, pancreas, lung;
recurrent HZ - lymphoma due to decr. cell-med. immunity;
Thrombotic complications:
thrombophlebitis migrans - pancreas, lung, stomach;
Afibrinoginaemia: rare: usually in prostate Ca;
Hormonal:
Hypercalcaemia:
Pulmonary osteoarthropathy:
neoplasia.txt · Last modified: 2018/02/03 00:19 (external edit)